How Did a Recluse Like Emily Bronte Create Wuthering Heights - A Novel of Complex Interpersonal Dynamics
93Many people have wondered how a sheltered and reclusive person like Emily Bronte could have written Wuthering Heights, a book of such interpersonal complexity depicting the coarser side of life. Emily had no friends outside of her family and few interactions with neighbors. How was she able to create characters with such passionate natures and different personality types?
Wuthering Heights is famous for its depiction of passionate romance and revenge; dysfunctional family relationships, and a protagonist who shows up as a ghost. It seems difficult for a woman who never married, or had any known love affairs to create such an intense novel of desire.
Emily Jane Bronte
Emily Jane Bronte
Emily Jane Bronte (July 30, 1818 - December 17, 1848) wrote one singular novel, Wuthering Heights. Published in 1847, Wuthering Heights was not commercially successful and Emily died, believing that her master work was a failure. But, it would have been a very personal failure, as Wuthering Heights was published under the pseudonym of Ellis Bell. Not until after Emily's death was her true identity revealed.
Emily Bronte never married, living a reclusive life at her father's Parsonage at Haworth in Yorkshire, England. Her few forays into the worlds - boarding schools, teaching positions, and a governess job were brief, due to her homesickness and the depression that it caused her. Yet, she created a work of fiction with a unique structure that was way ahead of her time. She defied conventionality by veering away from the typical Gothic heroine, a polite, naive, and virtuous virgin; presenting the reader with Catherine Earnshaw, a socially ambitions, passionate, outdoorsy, and complicated woman. Wuthering Heights presents sophisticated themes, plot, and character interactions that spark controversy 164 years later.
Wuthering Heights - Convoluted Relationships
Many works of fiction offer us a view of a particular group of people in or around a particular socio-economic realm. But Emily's characters move between classes with impunity.
Heathcliff, an orphaned street urchin, becomes a wealthy man. Catherine Earnshaw moves up when she marries the wealthy, sophisticated Edgar Linton. And Nelly Dean, a self-educated servant, is as comfortable with the mad Heathcliff as she is at ease with the naive gentleman Mr. Lockwood; as she is at ease in the rarefied gentility at Thrushcross Grange. And she is at home in the rugged, windswept, troubled household at Wuthering Heights.
The characters and their interactions are complex and convoluted, as is the plot. Character types include : farmers and their help, servants, an orphaned waif, a wild girl who runs the moors and is also a social climber, a vengeful alcoholic, a kindly naive young woman, a wealthy sickly young man, a bumbling oaf, a sophisticated gentleman, a naive gentleman, a grouchy religious fanatic, passionate lovers, and a sociopathic protagonist.
Buy the Novel Wuthering Heights
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The Unreliable Narrators of Wuthering Heights
The novel, Wuthering Heights is told by two unreliable narrators, Nelly Dean (a servant at Thrushcross Grange, formerly of Wuthering Heights) and Heathcliff's new tenant, at Thrushcross Grange, Mr. Lockwood.
Mr. Lockwood is portrayed as a pleasant yet unobservant man, hardly the kind of narrator to rely on. He mistakes a bunch of dead rabbits for puppies; the younger Cathy as Heathcliff's wife; Heathcliff himself as a pleasant landlord; and Nelly Dean as a 'fixture' at Thrushcross Grange.
How is the reader to trust the observations of someone who gets things so wrong? We are shown Mr. Lockwood's ineptitude at interpreting situations; but what about the situations that are not presented as incorrect? Could other things that Mr. Lockwood tells the reader be wrong as well?
Nelly Dean tells the past part of the story to Mr. Lockwood. It is Mr. Lockwood, during his narration who reports to the reader what Nelly Dean has told him as well as his present observations.
The reader has no way of knowing if the real story happened as told, or if the tellers embellished the tale. The reader has no way of knowing if the plot was skewed by the perceptions of either Nelly or Mr. Lockwood; or if the facts have become confused in the telling, like in the childhood game of Gossip.
Indeed, Nelly, though presented to the reader by Mr. Lockwood as a kindly, sensible woman was deep into the heart of the story herself and played a large role in the events that transpired. She took care of many of the motherless children in the story and apparently manipulated some of the action by her own behavior as well as the suggestions that she made in discussion with the other characters.
Did Nelly really behave in the manner that she reported? Or, is she making some of it up, perhaps to portray herself in a position of some power? Is she covering something up? Did the other characters actually do or say what Nelly claimed?
Gossip
In the chldhood game called 'gossip,' played best with a large gourp, the first person thinks up a ficitional piece of information, a very short story told in a sentance or two. The story gets passed from one person to another by whispering. It never fails. The final person related the 'gossip' aloud, which usually has nothing to do with the original sentaance. It is an amusing game with a moral: You can't trust gossip. The story is changed in the telling.
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Charlotte Bronte on her Sister Emily
Charlotte Bronte, Emily's sister, is famous for writing the novel Jane Eyre. After her sister's death, Charlotte destroyed much of Emily's work - her notes, charts, and early drafts of Wuthering Heights as well as countless other evidence of Emily's creation.
Shortly after the death of Charlotte, her friend, Mrs. Gaskell, wrote her biography which includes many letters and quotes. Some of the views presented by Mrs. Gaskell as well as Charlotte have come into question in the ensuing years. But the fact remains that Elizabeth Gaskell did know Charlotte, spoke to her often, and had first hand experience with the Bronte family.
In chapter 14 of her biography, Mrs. Gaskell includes a long quotation by Charlotte on her sister Emily. I think that it shows how Emily, despite her reclusive, agoraphobic nature, created Wuthering Heights. Emily, it seemed, loved gossip!
"My sister's (Emily's) disposition was not naturally gregarious: circumstances favoured and fostered her tendency to seclusion; except to go to church, or take walk in the hills, she rarely crossed the threshold of a home. Thought the feeling for the people around her was benevolent; intercourse with them she n ever sought, nor, with very few exceptions, ever experienced and yet she knew them, knew their ways, their language, and their family histories; she could hear of them with interest, and talk of them with detail minute, graphic and accurate; but with them she rarely exchanged a word. Hence it ensued, that what her mind has gathered of the real concerning them was too exclusively confined to those tragic and terrible traits, of which in listening to the secret annals of every rude vicinage, the memory is sometimes compelled to receive the impress."
In other words, Emily Bronte enjoyed gossip.
Wuthering Heights is Gossip
So, Wuthering Heights is actually gossip. Mr. Lockwood really has nothing to do with the Earnshaws or the Lintons. Heathcliff is merely his landlord. The first part of the book occurs before Mr. Lockwood even sets foot in the area. He is reporting to the reader what he has heard from Nelly Dean. And remember that he is not the most observant of men. On certain counts (such as the ones mentioned previously) we know for sure that he is wrong. So what about the rest of it? How much of the story that he tells us is just plain wrong. Like gossip.
But it works so well, the book has become a mainstay of literature classes and a widely selling book, 165 years after Emily Bronte wrote it. As Emily loved to hear gossip, she has created the ultimate in gossip: the multi-generational tale told to us in a kitchen, in a low voice, because Heathcliff himself might appear at any moment and the sound of the wind in the trees just might be the ghost of Catherine Earnshaw.
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Short Biography of Emily Bronte
- Emily Bronte - the Free Spirit And Visionary Genius Who Wrote Wuthering Heights
Emily Bronte wrote Wuthering Heights, a complex Victorian novel of love and obession. Emily Bronte, the quintessential Gothic writer - brilliant, reclusive (agoraphobic), possibly anorexic, socially awkward in a house on a hill, writing in secret and
Did Emily Bronte Have Asperger's Syndrome?
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This is a comprehensive look at Emily and her novel and its probable sources. Thank you, Dolores
GREAT HUB>RATE UP!
Full of of thought provoking comments. the theory of possibly having Asperger's Syndrome is one i just recently heard. Very plausible, I think.
I loved to read novels of all three sisters Bronte (Anne Bronte is the 3rd sister) Their stories are so alive and connect us with reality of British society in 19th century, especially is interesting to analyse social position of women living at that time.
Wuthering Heights is one of the most passionate books I ever read.
Thank you for this interesting Hub, Dolores.
Another insightful and enjoyable read! Still think it's so odd that Charlotte destroyed Emily's notes and things, hard to fathom another writer doing such a thing. Did Mrs. Gaskell, or anyone else you've run across, speculate as to why?
beautifully written about the author and giving real insight about her life.thanks
nice writing.
Very nice hub, Dolores :)
What an interesting hub, Dolores. I really enjoyed it. The Bronte sisters are fascinating. Both Jane Eyre and Wuthering Heights are compelling novels and worth reading.
I have a little trouble with making the assumption that Wuthering Heights was gossip; not that Emily could not have been a gossip, but that one doesn't necessarily lead to the other.
Such complex unhappy women who left an enviable literary achievement behind them. One cannot get enough of reading about them. :D
zron - glad that you enjoyed the read! Thanks!
Richard - this hub was not about the sources for WH, just how a recluse like Emily could have come up with such a complex interpersonal tale. Sources are a whole nother hub to make. It may never stop! Thanks!
bayou - hey! That was me! The Asperger's Emily hub! I am becoming a Brontemaniac! Thank you so much!
Tatjana - so good to see you! I am so interested in the Bronte sisters and their novels and have never really researched another bunch of writers like I have the Bronte gals.
KFlippin - People have speculated that Charlotte may have been jealous. But I wonder if she did so in grief. Some say that Charlotte may have had a large hand in Emily's work and did not want people to know. Maybe it was such a wild mess, she could make no sense of it. I can't remember what Mrs. Gaskell said, but what a stupid thing for Charlotte to do. As much as I love Charlotte, I hate her for doing that.
sweetie - thank you, glad you enjoyed the hub!
aj - thank you!
Vamp - thanks for reading!
alek - I am not saying that the story itself was actual gossip but that the creation of such a complex novel by a person who had little to do with others seems kind of unbelievable. The fact that Emily enjoyed gossip makes me think that she was very aware of the goings on between people so that her ability to create such situations without having actually placed herself in society was due to her interest in people. Also, the story being told by Mr. Lockwood who was totally removed from the 1st part of the story (when Catherine the elder was still alive) is sort of like gossip. Thanks!
De Greek - I am wondering if Emily was actually unhappy. The fact that she could not function in society is one thing. But I think that she found joy on the moors. She relished her work at home with her sisters, and was an energetic cook, and an excellent musician. Thank you for stopping in!
Agoraphobia, perhaps? Dolores, this is a beautiful biographical piece-intriguing indeed. It's been an embarrassingly long time since I read these sisters' works; I think I'll give them another look.
Thanks for the reminder.
I love to just whip out my copy of Wuthering Heights every few years and re-read it - it is such a masterpiece! Maybe lorlie is right - I wonder if it was agoraphobia? What brilliant girls and in some ways, what things they missed out on. I wonder if that made their writing mean that much more? Wonderful hub, Dolores!
I guess on this recommendation I shall have to give up my prejudice and finally get around to reading this novel! Thanks for the interesting review and background.
Love and peace
Tony
Wuthering Heights is about one of Literature's first real complicated women who was not one-dimensional or just some shallow caricature, but very real. Her amazing story is an inspiration to all lovers of books and writers alike. Her writing genius is now truly recognised. It is sad that she did not live long enough to enjoy the amazing success the book went on to have, a thing that writers all but take for granted now. What she'd have given to have some hub pages to publish on!!
Get writing, you people! Heh! Great hub!
lorlie - it's been a few years for me too, though both Jane Eyre and Wuthering Heighs demand a second (or 3rd or 4th read). I also have enjoyed Anne's books too. Thanks for stopping by.
Audrey - well if a recluse has agoraphobia, there you go. However, Emily did have her long walks on the moors. Her forays away from home left her depressed due to the grueling routine and the fact that she missed her life at home, as she said, her liberty. I guess the richness of her internal life, nature, and time spent with her family was plenty. Thank you for commenting!
Tony - I think you may have said that you had to read one of the Bronte's books when you were quite young. Wuthering Heights is certainly not boring, but rather wild and complicated. People are still discussing and arguing over the social and economic issues, themes, and psychological issues presented in the novel. Go for it! (Good to see you, Tony)
Cheeky Girl - In some ways it is very sad that Emily did not know what she had created. But, she originally did not want anyone to know who she even was. She was a very private person and found her freedom and joy in what many of us would look at as an alternative life style. She had to be convinced to write a novel by her sister Charlotte and seemed not to care what anyone thought about her at all. I think this is part of the allure of Emily. She was not like everybody else. Thank you so much!
Dolores, You are the residenet expert on the Brontes. I think that you sould write a book exploring the lives and literature of Emily and the Bronte Sisters. Thanks for a great hub.
tracy - thank you! One of the great things about old HP is that when you get really interested in anything, being able to write about it just drives me to further research. And I think that holds true for a lot of us. I don't thing writing about the Brontes here on HP is going to bring in a lot of dough, but HubPages has allowed me to become a real Brontemaniac! I have another one churning away in the old brain pan. But a book? Kind thought.
Fascinating, Delores, and nicely done. Thanks.
L.T.
Well written and very interesting. Thanks
I loved this hub. I am going to read this again. Thanks so much for the read. As a psychotherapist by trade I do so wonder what neurosis she had. Probably agoraphobia, social phobia, something related. So sad that she could not be out in the world.
Good read thanks. It seems sagas of buzzing intrigue often arise from the unassuming soul; compensation for a life lacking, or the necessary sacrifice for birth of great art.
wow. what a nice literary analysis of the novel. i love that you surmise it's all based on gossip! that is great! now i want to re-read wuthering heights!
I had absolutely no idea about her life.Very interesting article !!
I was just telling my husband the other day that all writers are just a little bit "off."
You made some interesting observations, and yes, I think you're right- it was gossip!
Your 'gossip' theory is one of the best we have come across. One of us grew up in a small village, the other in an apartment block in London. The common thread is that we lived in small communities (an apartment block can be relatively self contained) and while we were playing there was always a cloud of gossip overhead. It was entertaining to look at our neighbours and imagine what they must be like at home. Obviously Emily had a vivid imagination!
Itfawks - thank you very much!
Glad that you enjoyed my latest Emily Bronte hub, Grandma!
HealingTouch - so glad that you stopped by! I actually wrote another hub where I suggest that Emily may have had Asperger's Syndrome. I compared what is known of her personality traits to symptoms of Asperger's. Her social isolation, I don't think that it caused her pain. I think that being forced into society caused her pain. When she taught, she yearned for what she called, her liberty, freedom of thought, movement, and the pleasure she took in the outdoors. I feel a joy in Emily that people do not all seem to recognise - her creativity, her music, her family, her love for the moors, I think that she found much joy in life.
parrster - ooh, I love your comment. Many very creative people just don't march to the same tune as the rest of us. Emily was one unique individual and she gave us so much.
bang - I hope that I was clear, I must reread my own hub. I am trying to say not that the story itself was actual gossip, but that it was presented in the form of gossip - Mr. Lockwood spinning this tale for us about subjects that he really does not understand. Thank you!
sunbeams - not much is known about Emily Bronte but what little is known just fascinates the heck out of me. Thank you for commenting.
loria - I think you nailed that one on the head! Thanks for stopping in!
carolina - the cool thing about reading a lot about a particular subject is that you start to think about it, yes, actually think! It's fun! (haha) Thank you!
2patricias - sure, she had a great imagination, but she had great fodder too. Also, I've been reading that she was a wonderful cook (despite not being much of an eater), excellent musician, and spoke German too. I love your comment. Gossip is not always malicious. It is, as you said, that overlay of interwoven stories that make people interesting and our lives richer.
again impressed by your talent... stumbled upon for traffic blessings.
The Brontes were certainly an interesting family.
Rebecca - thank you so kindly! That means a lot coming from an excellent hubber and writer like you!
Trish M. - they certainly were and still are. Amazing, the influence they have had for so long. Thanks!
Very interesting hub.
You are a good writer.
Thank you, Jacob!
How interesting! I never would have thought about it, but a gossipy nature would explain her insights into human character very well! Wuthering Heights was an incredible piece of work, and You can't help but admire the writing. Great hub!
Daena - plus, the way the story is presented by Mr. Lockwood in, basically, a gossipy way. Thank you for you interest!
It´s great when you read an original review of a book which makes you want to re-read it immediately. I really found your hub interesting, thanks.
Mum - well it would be wonderful if I could influence someone to read Wuthering Heights, one of the great books. Glad that you stopped by!
Ah what a great topic and wonderful literary subject. I love Emily Bronte, Wuthering Heights its just one fantastic read that's a come back curl up master peice, now this is a time when only a real book will do. thanks
katie - one has to wonder what people like Emily Bronte would have thought of ebooks! I have recently read Wuthering Heights, in part, due to my hubs, but have not given it a thorough read in several years. Time for a reread! Thanks!
Wow, I've actually never thought of Wuthering Heights in that way, that there are unreliable narrators. I read it my first year of high school, so I'm definitely going to read it again some time to see how my perception of it has changed.
Great hub, thanks
I knew someone that loved this story, Wuthering Heights. And I like it very much myself, though mostly because of the insight I've thought it might provide into my friend. Such a sad story is Wuthering Heights; whereas, Jane Eyre has such a satisfying, happy ending (and I honestly like better myself). I never could understand how my friend--who was almost always jovial (on the surface at least), though also non-committal--could ever prefer Wuthering Heights over Jane Eyre. But in retrospect, I now begin to realize, that her partiality for the former, must likely have been a reflection of her innermost desire (the deep love).
I'm no Healthcliff; but my friend was most definitely my Jayne (she preferred that spelling...and I preferred her!).
Stephanie - I have found, as have others, that when we read a great book as adults (after having read that same book in high school) it takes on a whole new theme. We read it with mature eyes and look beyond the obvious. Thank you so much!
Francis - but remember, at the end of Wuthering Heights, the younger Cathy and Hareton help each other and come to a kind sort of love. Cathy teaches the oafish Hareton to read and they both rise above the place that Heathcliff put them. So, there is a happy ending. And, not to be difficult, I don't think the end of Jane Eyre was exactly happy. There goes Jane, leading the blind Rochester around, a man who has lost everything. She's like picking up the pieces of Rochester. She has gained power, yes, but at what cost? The man she loves is a pale shadow of his former self. Oh, those Bronte gals were complicated, weren't they?
Thank you for your interest in my article! I so appreciate someone from outside HubPages leaving a comment!
Well, at least the main characters weren't both dead at the end. They found each other again; I'd say that's a happy ending for those two at least (rather than a 2nd generation).
I apologize: honestly "Francis" (above) is me--I am actually "Hubfrancis" of this, uh...this "hub-dimension." I just forgot to log-in before I commented yesterday. Hope you aren't too disappointed; I am always anxious for a wider audience myself.
Anyway, this is very insightful hub; and I hope you continue with it.
I am not quite sure why a recluse would not be able to write?
Francis - well Cathy and Heathcliff were both dead. But, of course Mr. Lockwood and Ellen Dean were alive. I will temper my disappointment by visiting you!
psycheskinner - not that a recluse would not be able to write, but that a person who had such little experience with the wider world, with love and passion, could have created a tale of such intricate and complex personal behaviors. The question of how Emily could have created such a plot never really occurred to me personally, but was a question that I have seen pop up in my reading about her.
Very kind of you--thank-you! :)
A terrific book, by anyone's standards and way ahead of its time. Can anyone remember who the actors were in the classic black and white movie of Wuthering Heights? Was Lawrence Olivier in it? I think so. A wonderful brooding film full of menace...
Spain - yes, that was Lawrence Olivier as Heathcliff and Merle Oberon in the 1939 film adaptation of Wuthering Heights. (I loved it too, even though Olivier was not as mean and rotten as Heathcliff)
Dolores - thank you. But it would hard to imagine a better film of the book particularly as being in black and white it suited the Gothic nature of the story. Wonderful!
Culture - you are right about that. I love black and white movies, they are a totally different experience than color. And the Gothic nature certainly was highlighted by the black and white film. Thanks for stopping by!
I loved that story and the book. Thank you for the background of the author
Thank you, Granny. Glad you enjoyed it!
Hi Dolores! I like your Hub it is very interesting. What a nice work. Keep it up =)
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I will really appreciate it because I am one of your folowers.
It's truly a beautiful study of a person who was as reclusive as Emily Bronte. You unveiled this mystery so well. I had no idea of her background. Thanks for the reveal.
toddlerboy - glad you liked it - thanks!
saddler - thank you. I really got into Emily Bronte for a while. I am thinking of writing another Emily hub too, on sources for Wuthering Heights.
This surely is one of literatures conundrums Dolores. Wouldn't you like to have been a fly on the wall during those times?
This is a lovely hub! Thanks for the read.
travel - I sure would. I'd love to see a really good movie made of the lives of the Bronte's. Thanks!
Really great hub - so interesting - and so well written
Thank you, summertime!
A brilliant review!!! You bought back the memory of this book to me so clearly. Gossip!? Ummm!!!
salt - thank you so much! I was in a real Emily obsession when I wrote this one and started wondering how that reclusive women's brain worked. Of course we will never really know, so little about Emily Bronte is actually known to us as her sister Charlotte destroyed most of her notes and work.
Excellent article! Wuthering Heights has always been a favorite novel of mine and I'm glad to see it analyzed so perfectly here.
I think that when I first read this book I connected with it in so many ways. Especially the family relationships. Http://www.savecreatively.com
Thanks for a very informative hub. I have read a couple of great works from the Bronte sisters, but never knew this much about them. Very interesting people, it seems.
3 Finger - when I became interested in Emily Bronte, I skipped around in Wuthering Heights but need to read it again all the way through. It's one book I have to read every 10 years or so. Thanks!
Joel - I thought it was kind of hard to connect with some of these folks and argue in my head the whole time I am reading it, telling them not to do what they wind up doing! Thanks!
charmainpr - I got into a real Brontemania for a while there. They were a fascinating bunch, but I love Emily best. Thanks!
Wuthering heights was a great novel but very dark and I can see Emily Bronte in this novel. It reflects her very well as she was loner, maybe a dark person or mysterious. Maybe she was inspired by her neighbors as the novel was all about 2 neighbors only . I think Heathcliff is more like Emily. and he's another version of hers.
Om - a very thoughtful comment. I think that Emily put herself in several of the characters, Heathcliff, Cathy, and Nelly Dean as well. But, we'll never know. Emily's sister Charlotte said that her own character Shirley, in the novel of the same name, was based on Emily.
I also love this book. I did not know anything about Emily. Thank you
gr8 - I've always loved Emily Bronte and more so after I started reading up on her for several Bronte hubs. Thanks!
Wuthering Heights is one of my favourite books, and I love your hub, it's a fascinating theory, and it's provoked me into reading it again with this new angle in mind!
Buddhist Hotdog - thank you. I think that Emily is just fascinating and Wuthering Heights reads differently every time you reread it. Or, at least you start thinking about a different angle.
Great overview of Wuthering Heights! The gossip perspective is interesting and entertaining all at the same time. It's a pity that Emily didn't get to write more, and imagine what she could have created if her life had been longer and filled with more and vaster experiences.
collegatariat - it certainly is. Then again, you have to wonder how much she did write, what is missing and has been lost. But from what I have read, Emily had to be convinced, by Charlotte, to write a novel. Thank you!
Wuthering Heights is one of my favorite classics. Your hub illustrates well how the story is all in the telling. Thank you for this! I love learning about the authors of books I enjoy.
Brittany - thank you! I reread WH out of order, looking for certain elements. I really need to give it a normal read. Again.
zzron 22 months ago
Very nice read Dolores, well written, thank you.